THE EVOLUTION OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND SECURITY INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, 1950-2009
Keywords:
European Defense Community, Western European Union, European Political Cooperation, The Mastricht Treaty, Common Foreign and Security Policy, The Lisbon TreatyAbstract
The paper presents the basic foreign affairs and security institutions in use with member states of the European Unin, since European Defense Community in 1950 until Lisbon Treaty in 2009. Their development was under the dominant influence of several external and internal political processes and conditions, and has fundamentally reflected the position of the Union in relation to two Cold War super-powers. Through the entire Col War period Western Europe tried to find a common European institutional setup for it owns security, but fell short on several occasions. This could be clearly seen in the case of the Western European Union, a nucleus of security cooperation, and European Political Cooperation, a small step towards 'speaking to the world with one voice'. This structure left economic integration as the primary base for member-states cooperation. Since the Maastricht Treaty (1993) the Union sought after wider influence in foreign affairs, but had to compete with lingering American power, NATO-s dominance in military capabilities and heterogenous interests of its member states. Because of such an influence, the development has evolved through institutions, through means and rules of cooperations and gradual strenghtening of a capacity to act. Speeding up of such process can be seen since the late 1990s and early 2000s with proclamation of Common Security and Defense Policy and European Security Strategy, and has found its current expression in The Lisbon Treaty as a clearest practical step in the sphere of foreign and security policy. The focus of foreign and security policy does not lie on Europe itself but on African and Asian countries, a sign of changed circumstances in which EU now operates. While the governance of foreign policy still remains on the intergovernmental level, new institutions, like European External Action Service, add a new value to the common representation abroad. Still, the Union is far away from having the common armed forces under supranational command at European level, a goal entailed more than 50 years ago.
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