KULTURA POLISA

The Effects of Artificial Intelligence on Modern Warfare

Žaklina Spalević — 2025-12-22

Modern armed conflicts increasingly rely on technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), unmanned aerial vehicles (drones), and cyber attacks, which are transforming traditional paradigms of warfare. Research into the role of AI facilitates the development of automated decision-making systems, predictive threat analysis, and more efficient military operations management. The use of drones offers advantages in reconnaissance, targeting, and logistics, while cyber warfare enables attacks on critical infrastructures without direct physical confrontation, potentially causing significant security and economic damages. Studying these domains is essential for understanding new forms of conflict, improving defense strategies, and developing international legal and ethical frameworks. This paper emphasizes the need for continuous research to adapt security policies, advance technological innovations, and ensure stability within dynamic and complex modern warfare systems.

Criminal Procedure and Forensic Aspects of Crime Scene Investigation

Jelena Matijašević — 2025-12-22

A crime scene investigation is an evidentiary action that is undertaken when direct observation by the procedural authorities is required to establish or confirm a certain fact in the procedure. A crime scene investigation is a criminal procedural action that is conducted according to established principles of criminology. This paper wi l present the key aspects that permeate first the criminal procedural, and then the criminal investigation activity when conducting a crime scene investigation. Criminal procedural principles determine the legal framework and conditions under which the subjects conducting the crime scene investigation can apply certain criminal-tactical and technical methods. Aspects of a crime scene investigation in procedural matters can most often be related to direct observation, while the criminal impression also includes the prescribed criminal measures and actions necessary to establish the facts. This paper aims to present the key aspects of a crime scene investigation in the Republic of Serbia, the current legislation of the countries in the region (Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia), with a special focus on the similarities and differences in terms of reconstruction and forensic experiment. The evidentiary value of a crime scene investigation as an evidentiary tool is immense. The goal of this evidentiary action is to discover and colect evidence of the existence of a criminal o fense, confirm facts and information, find clues about important facts related to the criminal offense and the criminal liability of the defendant, and verify the credibility of other evidence. Therefore, it is very important to conduct the crime scene investigation, as an urgent action, in a timely and professional manner.

Specificities of Compensation for Damage Caused by a Criminal Offense

Sanja Lukavac Spasojević — 2025-12-22

Numerous criminal offenses result in either material or non-material damage. Others are characterized by so-called abstract consequences, meaning that it is not necessary for a concrete consequence to occur for the criminal offense to be considered committed. Regardless of whether the consequence is an essential element of the criminal offense, the injured party may suffer damage caused by the offense. Recognizing the significance of such damage, the legislator has provided the injured party with the choice of seeking compensation either through civil proceedings or within criminal proceedings via the institute of a property claim. Additionally, Article 377 of the Law on Obligations [LOO] stipulates a privileged statute of limitations period for claims arising from damage caused by a criminal offense¹, tying it to the limitation period for criminal prosecution when that period is longer than the general statute of limitations, which is three years from the date of knowledge of the damage or five years from the date the damage occurred. This approach enables the injured party to pursue compensation—either through a property claim within the criminal process or by initiating a civil lawsuit—within an extended time frame, considering that the legal interest harmed by a criminal act is generally of greater importance than that harmed by a tortious act. Nevertheless, it must be noted that if the criminal proceedings result in an acquittal, the general statute of limitations will apply.

Criminal Law Response to Stalking – The Law of Serbia and the Countries in the Region

Joko Dragojlović — 2025-12-22

On the basis of regional international standards enshrined in the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (2011), a considerable number of European criminal codes in recent years have introduced a distinct criminal offense: “stalking” or “harassment.” This offense constitutes a specific manifestation of the general offense of endangering security, whereby the mental peace and tranquility of another person are unlawfully, and frequently through violent means, disturbed. Such conduct generates a sense of unease, discomfort, fear, or distress in the targeted individual, as well as in persons closely associated with them, most often family members or close relatives. Given that this incrimination derives its foundation from international standards, national legislations tend to regulate this offence in a similar, closely related, or even identical manner, while nevertheless taking into account the particularities of individual jurisdictions and the requirements of their respective criminal policies. The present paper, grounded in international standards, undertakes an analysis of the concept, characteristics, constitutive elements, manifestations, and substantive content of the offence of stalking in Serbian law, as well as within the broader framework of regional criminal legislation.

Medical power and criminal procedure

Goran P. Ilić — 2025-12-22

For a long time, one of the privileges characteristic of sovereign power was the right over life and death. In the classical era, the existing mechanisms of power were reshaped in the West; so, according to Foucault, instead of the old right to condemn to death or leave alive, the power to leave alive or reject to death entered the scene. The transformation of the mechanisms of power led to the transition to the investigative model of the criminal procedure in which the discussion of the causa criminalis moved to the territory of knowledge. The development of investigative methods in acquiring the first economic and administrative knowledge had a significant impact on the introduction of investigation in criminal matters. Certain authors state that in the 16th and 17th centuries, thinking about medicine, botany, and zoology was like a collection of testimonies. For this reason, even in criminal proceedings, special importance is attached to experts who have special non-legal knowledge, and as such are qualified to communicate the truth. The role of experts in the medical profession is specific in that, in addition to giving testimony on the subject matter of the expertise, they also have essentially judicial powers because their opinion has a decisive influence on the limitation of certain basic freedoms and human rights. The paper will also analyze the provisions of certain domestic laws, as well as the standards of the European Court of Human Rights expressed in connection with the legal institution of English law „at Her Majestyʼs pleasure."

Human-Centered Security in Society 5.0: Revisiting Algorithmic Bias and Methodological Constraints in Predictive Policing

Aleksandar Filipović — 2025-12-22

Society 5.0, envisioned as an advanced, human-centered civilization in which the physical and digital realms seamlessly complement one another, represents a sustainable model for the functioning of human communities on an increasingly overpopulated planet. In such an environment, a progressively deeper symbiosis between social processes and technological innovation is expected, with the security sector emerging as one of the key domains of this integration. Within the field of public security, predictive policing stands out in particular: its models, based on artificial intelligence and big-data analytics, enable the anticipation of criminal patterns and the potential for more effective risk prevention. This paper examines predictive policing as a transformative approach to law enforcement, while simultaneously problematizing its deeply embedded challenges—especially in the context of the value framework of Society 5.0, which seeks to ensure that technological advancement remains subordinate to human dignity, justice, and social inclusion. Through an analysis of case studies from Chicago, London, and Tokyo, the paper identifies the operational advantages of predictive techniques but also highlights key concerns such as algorithmic bias, lack of transparency, insufficient data quality, and methodological limitations that may jeopardize the fairness and legitimacy of police interventions. The findings demonstrate that although predictive algorithms can contribute to the enhancement of preventive strategies, their implementation must occur within a clearly defined normative framework that incorporates technical robustness, independent oversight, institutional accountability, and active citizen participation. In line with the principles of Society 5.0, the paper concludes that the successful application of predictive policing requires the development of systems that are ethically grounded, methodologically transparent, and oriented toward the protection of human rights - ensuring that technology serves society rather than the other way around.