Minimalni uzrast za krivičnu odgovornost kao deo kriminalnih politika
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51738/Kpolisa2022.19.3r.131msKljučne reči:
maloletnička delinkvencija, vršnjačko nasilje, MACR, kaznena politikaApstrakt
Porast vršnjačkog nasilja i maloletničke delinkvencije iz godine u godinu širom sveta drži pitanje donje starosne granice za krivičnu odgovornost otvorenim. Države, ne samo u različitim delovima sveta već i u okviru užeg regiona koji ih teritorijalno spaja, razvijaju različite krivičnopravne odgovore na ovo pitanje. Razlozi za takvu različitost leže u okolnostima ekonomske, socijalne, kulturne, verske, političke, pa i istorijske prirode. U teoriji i praksi se izdvajaju dva suprotstavljena koncepta, tzv. represivni i holistički. Zagovornici prvog koncepta smatraju da je oštra kriminalna politika najsigurniji put ka suzbijanju kriminaliteta među decom i maloletnicima. Na drugoj strani, pristalice holističkog pristupa smatraju da deca u ranom uzrastu ne mogu da shvate značaj svojih postupaka, te bi se snižavanjem starosne granice krivične odgovornosti izvršilo prerano uvođenje dece u krivičnopravni sistem, umesto da društvo preduzme pravovremene mere na sprečavanju trajnog usvajanja obrazaca kriminalnog ponašanja. Koristeći se uporednopravnim metodom, kao i drugim kvalitativnim i kvantitativnim metodama neophodnim za produktivnu analizu i izvođenje validnih zaključaka, želimo da ovim radom istaknemo ključne aspekte različitosti represivnog i holističkog pristupa određivanju minimalnog uzrasta za krivičnu odgovornsot. Konačni rezultat je čvrsto utemeljeno uverenje da je neophodno dati prednost onom pristupu koji na decu i maloletnike uvučene u kriminalni milje ne gleda kao deo problema već rešenja.
##plugins.generic.usageStats.downloads##
Reference
Amnesti International [AI]. (2022, January 25). Why we need to raise the Minimum age of criminal responsibility. https://www.amnesty.org.au/why-we-need-to-raise-the-minimumage-of-criminal-responsibility/
Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular. (2020). Código Penal. Gaceta Oficial de la Republica de Cuba, 2022, July 5. https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.cu/es/ley-no-62-codigo-penal
Bajović, V. (2017). Nekonzervativni pristup u borbi protiv maloletničke delinkvencije i odgovornost roditelja [The non-conservative approach in the fight against Juvenile delinquency and parental responsibility]. In Dj. Ignjatović (Ed.), Kaznena reakcija u Srbiji (pp. 219–234). University of Belgrade: Faculty of Law.
Bjelajac, Ž., & Filipović, A. M. (2021). Specific characteristics of digital violence and sigital crime. Pravo – teorija i praksa, 38(4), 16–32. https://doi.org/10.5937/ptp2104016B
Bjelajac, Ž., & Merdović, B. (2019). Nasilje nad decom u porodici [Violence against children in family]. Kultura polisa, 16(39), 191–202.
CBC News. (2014, May 14). Death of Lee Bonneau, 6, allegedly at hands of boy, 10, was avoidable, Report says. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/death-of-leebonneau-6-allegedly-at-hands-of-boy-10-was-avoidable-reportsays-1.2643066
Child Rights International Network [CRIN]. (n.d.). Minimum ages of criminal responsibility around the world. https://archive.crin.org/en/home/ages.html
Convention on the rights of the child [CRC]. (1989, November 20). General Assembly resolution 44/25. https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx
Government of Trinidad and Tobago [GTT]. (2004, November 15). UN Committee on the rights of the child: Second periodic reports of states parties due in 1999, Trinidad and Tobago. CRC/C/83/Add. 12. https://www.refworld.org/docid/45377e930.html
Ignjatović, Đ. (2014). Stanje i tendencije kriminaliteta maloletnika u Srbiji [The state and tendencies of juvenile crime in Serbia]. Crimen, 5(2), 173–195. Igrački, M., & Ilijić, Lj. (2016). Kriminalitet maloletnika – stanje u svetu i u Srbiji [Juvenile crime – situation in the world and in Serbia]. Strani pravni život, 60(1), 185–200.
Jugendgerichtsgesetz [JGG] [Youth Courts Law]. (1974). Federal Law Gazette [BGBl.], Part I p. 3427, most recently amended by article 1 of the Act of 8 July 2008 (Federal Law Gazette Part I p. 1212). German Law Archive. https://germanlawarchive.iuscomp.org/?p=756#3
Kemp, C. (2022, March 4). Restorative justice and the Minimum age of criminal responsibility – #RaisetheAge. Queen’s Policy Engagement – QPOL. http://qpol.qub.ac.uk/restorative-justice-and-the-minimum-age-ofcriminal-responsibility-claire-kemp-clc/
Ministarstvo pravde Republike Srbije [Ministarstvo pravde]. (2020, July). Akcioni plan: Poglavlje 23 – Pravosuđe i osnovna ljudska prava [Action plan: Chapter 23 - judiciary and fundamental human rights]. https://mpravde.gov.rs/files/Revidirani%20AP23%202207.pdf
Mousavi, S., & Nordin, R. (2012). The Minimum age of criminal responsibility in ASEAN: Legal and human rights perspectives. In Proceeding International conference on harmonizing legal principles toward ASEAN community (pp. 1–9). Surabaya, 2–4 April 2012. https://www.youthpolicy.org/library/wpcontent/uploads/library/2012_Minimum_Legal_Age_Criminal_Responsibility_ASEAN_Eng.pdf
Narodna skupština Republike Srbije [Narodna skupština]. (2005). Zakon o maloletnim učiniocima krivičnih dela i krivičnopravnoj zaštiti maloletnih lica [The Law on juvenile criminal offenders and criminal protection of juveniles]. (Službeni glasnik Republike Srbije, br. 85/2005). https://www.refworld.org/docid/4b56c9952.html
Narodna skupština Republike Srbije [Narodna skupština]. (2005/2019). Krivični zakonik Republike Srbije [Criminal code of Republic of Serbia]. (Službeni glasnik Republike Srbije, br. 85/2005 – ispr., 107/2005 – ispr., 72/2009, 111/2009, 121/2012, 104/2013, 108/2014, 94/2016 i 35/2019). https://www.mpravde.gov.rs/files/Criminal%20%20%20Code_2019.pdf
National Constituent Assembly [NCA]. (198/1993). Guatemala’s Constitution of 1985 with amendments through 1993 [W. S. Hein & Co., Inc., trans.). Constitutions projects. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Guatemala_1993.pdf
National Juvenile Defender Center [NJDC]. (2020, January 20). Minimum age for delinquency adjudication – multi-jurisdiction survey. https://njdc.info/practice-policy-resources/state-profiles/multijurisdiction-data/minimum-age-for-delinquency-adjudicationmulti-jurisdiction-survey/
Parliamentary Counsel Office. (1961). Crimes Act 1961. (Public act 1961 no 43). New Zealand Legislation. https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1961/0043/latest/whole.html#DLM327386
Phill Damm, A., Østergaard Larsen, B., Skyt Nielsen, H., & Simonsen, M. (2017). Lowering the minimum age of criminal responsibility: Consequences for juvenile crime and education. Economics Working Papers 2017-10, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University. https://repec.econ.au.dk/repec/afn/wp/17/wp17_10.pdf
Shigong, L. (2020, October 23). Should the age of criminal responsibility be lowered? Beijing Review. http://www.bjreview.com/Opinion/202010/t20201023_800224508.html
Škulić, M. (2010). Starosna granica sposobnosti za snošenje krivice u krivičnopravnom smislu [Age limit for the ability to be guilty in Criminal law]. Crimen, 1(2), 202–227.
Tanjug. (2019, December 17). Profesor Škulić: Ideje o snižavanju godina krivične odgovornosti maloletnika čudne i naopake [Professor Škulić: Ideas about lowering the age of criminal responsibility for minors are strange and wrong]. RTV [Online]. http://www.rtv.rs/sr_lat/drustvo/profesor-skulic-ideje-osnizavanju-godina-krivicne-odgovornosti-maloletnika-cudne-inaopake_1076921.html
United Nations Standard Minimum rules for the administration of juvenile justice ("The Beijing Rules") [Beijing Rules]. Adopted by General Assembly resolution 40/33 of 29 November 1985. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/beijingrules.pdf
UNICEF. (2019, January 18). Lowering the age of criminal responsibility is against child rights. Press release – Statement attributable to Ms Lotta Sylwander Representative. UNICEF Philippines. https://www.unicef.org/philippines/press-releases/loweringage-criminal-responsibility-against-child-rights-unicef#
Victoria Legal Aid. (2020 May 12). Lift the age of criminal responsibility to give children a chance to reach their potential. https://www.legalaid.vic.gov.au/lift-age-criminal-responsibility-givechildren-chance-reach-their-potential
##submission.downloads##
Objavljeno
Kako citirati
Broj časopisa
Sekcija
##category.category##
Licenca
Sva prava zadržana (c) 2022 Darko Marković, Ivana Spaić
Ovaj rad je pod Creative Commons Autorstvo 4.0 Internacionalna licenca.
