CONTEMPORARY SECURITY CHALLENGES – HACTIVISM AS A NEW FORM OF SOCIAL CONFLICT
Keywords:
hacktivism, cyber security, cyber warfare, national security, international lawAbstract
Nowadays, computer networks and information infrastructures security in general is not just a technical problem, but also an important strategic question. Due to the fact that global computer network is widespread and decentralized, together with the absence of legal framework which would regulate cyber warfare, activities of hacktivists – a sui generis cyber guerilla– has become an important problem of cyber security and additionally emphasized the importance of protection of information systems, conducting international investigations, extradition and punishment of perpetrators. The phenomenon of hacktivism has been present for about fifteen years, and it has affected various states on different continents, but even to this day no adequate and widely accepted solution for preventing this undesirable occurrence has been found. This paper attempts to describe the phenomenon of hactivism, discuss its implications for national security, as well as to offer a critical review of the current problems and strategies related to counteracting this occurrence.
Downloads
References
Declaration of principles building the Information Society: a global challenge in the new millennium (2003): World Summit on the Information Society, doc. WSIS-03/GENEVA/DOC/4-E, B5, 35, 2003, http://www.itu.int
Plan of action (2003): World Summit on the Information Society, doc. WSIS-03/GENEVA/DOC/5-E, 2003, http://www.itu.int
Pleskonjić, Dragan., Maček, Nemanja, Đorđević, Borislav, Carić, Marko (2007): Sigurnost računarskih sistema i mreža, Mikro knjiga, Beograd
Vulnerability Disclosure Framework – Final Report and Recommendations by the Council (2004): National Infrastructure Advisory Council, http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/vdwgreport.pdf
Denning, Dorothy (2001): Cyberwarriors, Activists and Terrorists Turn to Cyberspace, Harvard International Review, Vol. XXIII, No. 2, pp. 70–75.
Wray, Stephan (1998): Electronic Civil Disobedience and the World Wide Web of Hacktivism: A Mapping of Extraparliamentarian Direct Action Net Politics, A paper for The world Wide Web and Contemporary Cultural Theory Conference, Drake University
Glave, James, (1998): Anti-Nuke Cracker Strikes Again, Wired
Putnik, Nenad (2009): Sajber prostor i bezbednosni izazovi, Univerzitet u Beogradu - Fakultet bezbednosti, Beograd
Kešetović, Želimir, Putnik, Nenad, (2012, in print): Encyclopedia of Crisis Management, Entry: Cyber security, Editor: Golson, J. Geoffrey, Penuel, K. Bradley, Statler, Matt, Hagen, Ryan, SAGE Publications, London.
Milašinović, Radomir, Putnik, Nenad (2007): The essence of guerilla as a social conflict, in Guerilla in the Balkans:Freedom Fighters, Rebels or Bandits - Researchingthe Guerrilla and Paramilitary Forces in the Balkans, Tokyo: University Meiji, Institute for Disarmament and Peace Studies, Beograd: Institut za savremenu istoriju, Fakultet bezbednosti, pp. 327–339.
Dingarac, Dušan, Stančević, Tihomir (1998): Srpski hakeri Crna ruka, Svet kompjutera
BBC NEWS, 2. 5. 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr//2/hi/europe/6614273.stm
The Economist, 10. 5. 2007, http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9163598
Telegraph, 19. 5. 2007, http://www.telegraph.co.uk
Ifrah, Laurence, (2008): The Georgia-Russia conflict: Internet, the other battlefield, Défense nationale et sécurité collective, Committee for National Defence Studies, Paris
Eneken Tikk, Kadri Kaska, Kristel Rünnimeri, Mari Kert, Anna-Maria Talihärm, Liis Vihul (2008): Cyber Attacks Against Georgia: Legal Lessons Identified, Cooperative Cyber Defense Centre of Excellence, Tallinn, Estonia, http://www.carlisle.army.mil/DIME/documents/Georgia%201%200.pdf
Vučinić, Zoran (2001): Međunarodno ratno i humanitarno pravo, Vojnoizdavački zavod, Beograd
Shackleford, Scott (2009): From Nuclear War to Net War: Analogizing Cyber Attacks in International Law, Berkeley Journal of International Law, Vol 27, No 1
Sinkovski, Stevan (2005): Informaciona bezbednost – komponenta nacionalne bezbednosti, Vojno delo, br. 2
Sklerov, Matthew (2009): Solving the Dilemma of State Responses to Cyberattacks: A Justification for the Use of Active Defenses Against States Who Neglect Their Duty to Prevent, Military Law Review, No. 201
