INTERROGATION WITH THE APPLICATION OFTORTURE AS A METHOD OF COLLECTING INTELLIGENCE DATA
Keywords:
HUMINT, intelligence services, interrogation, violence, torture.Abstract
Collecting intelligence data from and via human sources (Human Intelligence Collection - HUMINT), despite wide and legal options that enable ОSINТ (Open Source Intelligence – collection of intelligence data from open sources) and ТECHINT (Technical Intelligence – collection of intelligence data via technical means), remains one of the most important methods of intelligence services’ work considering the fact it represents the most reliable way of collecting information about motives, intentions, secret plans, options and decisions that are wanted to be kept in secrecy.
A part of the HUMINT’s activities represents also violent interrogation, a technique which in the era of metastatic terrorism is experiencing a new renaissance despite huge ethical dilemmas, suspicious efficiency and damage it causes not only to the interrogated subject (agent, prisoner, deserter, refugee, terrorist, etc.), but to those who practice it and approve it.
Starting from the nature of contemporary safety challenges, risks and threats, along with the efforts that are being made in order to institutionalize violent techniques in collection of data from human sources, this paper will deal with analysis of reasons for which this method of intelligence information collection is unacceptable regardeless of the amount of stake and the value that can be protected.
Downloads
References
Amstuc, Mark R. Međunarodna etika, Beograd: Službeni glasnik, 2008.
Arrigo Jean Maria, „A Utilitarian Argument Against Torture Interrogation of Terrorists”, Science & Engineering Ethics 10, 2004.
Bowden Mark, „The Dark Art of Interrogation”, The Atlantic Monthly, October 2003;
Born, Hans Li, Jan. (2005). Postizanje odgovornosti u obaveštajnoj delatnosti: Pravni standardi i najbolji način nadzora obaveštajnih službi. Oslo: Ženevski centar za demokratski nadzor nad oružanim snagama.
Borba protiv mučenja: Iskustva OSCE-a. Varšava: OSCE/ODIHR, 2009, str. 9. www.osce.org/odihr. “Document of the Copenhagen Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE” (Dokument o sastanku Konferencije OSCE-a o ljudskoj dimenziji u Kopenhagenu), internet stranica OSCE-a, < http://www.osce.org/documents/odihr/1990/06/13992_en.pdf>.
Blumenfeld, Laura, „The Tortured Lives of Interrogators”, Washington Post, 4 June 2007.
Brinkley Joel, „Rice Is Challenged in Europe over Secret Prisons”, New York Times, 7 December 2005;
Buš, Džorž V. (2011). Trenuci odluke. (Memoari). Beograd: Komerc knjiga.
„White House Pushes Waterboarding Rationale”, Washington Post, 13 February 2008, A3;
Wolfendale Jessica, „Training Torturers: A Critique of the ‘Ticking Bomb’ Argument”, Social Theory and Practice 32.
White Josh. „Soldiers’ ‘Wish Lists’ of Detainee Tactics Cited”, Washington Post, 19. April 2005;
Goldman, Jan. (ed.). (2010). Ethics of Spying, A Reader for the Intelligence Professional , Vol 2, Plymouth, the UK: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
Glees Anthony, „Redefining the Limits of Secret Activity in the United Kingdom”, International Journal of Intelligence Ethics, 2(2), 2011, Washington.
Grey Stephen, „America's gulag”, New Statesman, May 17, 2004.
Dershowitz, Alan. (2002). Why Terrorism Works: Understanding the Threat, Responding to the Challenge. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press;
Dixon Roy, „Rejecting the Torturer”, u: Joint Services Conference on Professional Ethics, Moral Obligation and the Military, Washington, D.C., National Defense University Press, 1988.
Don Van Natta, “Questioning Terror Suspects in a Dark and Surreal World,” New York Times, 9 March 2003;
Eggen Dan, „The White House Defends the CIA's Use of Waterboarding in Interrogations”, Washington Post, 7 februar 2008, A3, i „White House Pushes Waterboarding Rationale”, Washington Post, 13 februar 2008;
Ignatieff, Michael. (2004). The Lesser Evil. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press;
„Istanbul Document 1999”, internet stranica OSCE-a, www.osce.org/documents/mcs/1999/11/4050_en.pdf.).
James Risen, David Johnston, Neil A. Lewis, “Harsh CIA Methods Cited in Top Al Qaeda Interrogations,” New York Times, 13 May 2004;
Johnson, William, „Tricks of the Trade: Counterintelligence Interrogation”, International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 1(2), 1986.
Johnston David, Scott Shane, „Memo Sheds New Light on Torture Issue”, New York Times, 3 April 2008.
John Barry, Michael Hirsh, Michael Isikoff, “The Roots of Torture,” Newsweek, 24 May 2004.
Kathleen Clark, Julie Mertus, „Torturing the Law”, Washington Post, 20 June 2004, B3;
Kerhnar Stephen, „For Interrogational Torture”, International Journal of Applied Philosophy 19(2), 2005.
Konvencija protiv torture i drugih surovih, neljudskih ili ponižavajućih kazni i postupaka, Odobrena i rredložena za potpis, ratifikaciju i pristupanje Rezolucijom Generalne skupštine 39/46 od 10. decembra 1984, član 14.
Kubark CounterIntelligence Interrogation, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB27/docs/doc01.pdf.
Lagouranis, Tony, Mikaelian Allen. (2007). Fear Up Harsh: An Army Interrogator’s Dark Journey through Iraq. New York: New American Library;
Luban David, „Torture, American-Style”, Washington Post, 29 November 2005.
Mazzetti Mark “Letters Give CIA Tactics a Legal Rationale,” New York Times, 27 April 2008.
Mark Bowden, “The Dark Art of Interrogation,” Atlantic Monthly, October 2003
Merrill Jamie, Hanning James, Leftly Mark, Clark Nick, „Revealed: How torture was used to foil al-Qaeda 2010 plot to bomb two airlinesrs 17 minutes before explosion”, The Independent, Sunday, 01 March 2015. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/homenews/revealed-how-torture-was-used-to-foil-algaeda-plot-to-bomb-two-airlines-17minutes-before-explosion-10077722.html.
McCarthy Andrew, „Torture: Thinking about the Unthinkable”, Commentary, July– August 2004.
Mora Alberto, statement before the U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee, 17 June 2008.
Moore Michael, Placing Blame, New York Oxford University Press; Mora Alberto, statement before the U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee, 17 June 2008.
Neil Lewis, Eric Schmitt, „Lawyers Decided Bans on Torture Didn’t Bind Bush”, New York Times, 8 June 2004;
Onuf Nicholas, „Rules for torture?”, u: War, torture, and terrorism: rethinking the rules of international security, Anthony F. Lang, Jr., Amanda Russell Beattie (ed.). London/New York: Routledge, 2009.
Poro, Antoan. (1990). Enciklopedija psihijatrije. Beograd: Nolit.
Roksin Klaus, „Zlostavljanje u pravnoj državi – slučaj Dašner u Nemačkoj”, Strani pravni život , Vol. 3, Ćirić, Jovan (ur.), Beograd, 2008.
Ross, David W. (1930). The Right and the Good. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ronin, Roman.(2009). Obaveštajni rad. Službeni glasnik & Fakultet bezbednosti.
Svensen Fr., Laš H. (2006). Filozofija zla. (Prevela s norveškog Nataša Ristivojević-Rajković). Beograd: Geopoetika.
Slater Jerome, „Tragic Choices in the War on Terrorism: Should We Try to Regulate and Control Torture?”, Political Science Quarterly, 121(2), 2006.
Shane Scott, „Terror and Presidential Power: Bush Takes a Step Back”, New York Times, 12 July 2006.
Smith Jeffrey, Dan Eggen, „Gonzalez Helped Set the Course for Detainees”, Washington Post, 5 January 2005;
Sofaer Abraham, „No Exceptions”, Wall Street Journal, 26 November 2005.
Sherman, Nency. (2005). Stoic Warriors: The Ancient Philosophy behid the Military Mind. New York: Oxfford University Press.
Sussman David, „What’s Wrong with Torture?”, Philosophy and Public Affairs 33(1), 2005
U.S. Army. (2006). Field Manual (FM) 34-52: Intelligence Interrogation (1992), rr. 1-8, i FM 2-22.3: Human Intelligence Collector Operations.
„Total Isolation”, www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/broadband/tx/isolation/
„Alone in the Dark”, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7199769.stm?source=rss.
U.S. Office of Legal Counsel, “Re: Military Interrogation of Alien Unlawful Combatants Held Outside the United States,” 14 March 2003;
U.S. report to the UN Committee on Torture, quoted in Association of the Bar of the City of New York, „Human Rights Standards Applicable to the United States’ Interrogation of Detainees”, 2003.
Feinberg, Joel. (1980). Rights, Justice, and the Bounds of Liberty. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Foot Rosemary, „Torture: The Struggle over a Peremptory Norm in a Counterterrorist Era”, International Relations 20(2), June 2006.
Friedrich, Carl. (1957). Constitutional Reason of State: The Survival of the Constitutional Order. Providence, R.I.: Brown University Press; FM 2-22.3: Human Intelligence Collector Operations, 2006.
Hinkle Paul, „The Physiological State of the Interrogation Suspect as It Affects Brain Function”, u: The Manipulation of Human Behavior. Biderman Albert i Zimmer Herbert (eds.), New York, Wiley, 1961.
Human Rights Watch, Getting Away with Torture? Command Responsibility for the U.S. Abuse of Detainees, April 2005;
“Human Rights Standards Applicable to the United States’ Interrogation of Detainees„.
Shue Henry, „Torture”, Philosophy and Public Affairs 7(2), 1978;
Šu Henri, „Tortura u zemlji snova: uklanjanje tempirane bombe”, Ljudska bezbednost (tematski broj) VI/1-2, 2008.