ORGANIZED CRIME AND ILLEGAL MARKETS
Keywords:
illegal markets, organized crime, drug trafficking, human trafficking, smuggling of people, illegal trade in weapons, smuggling of tobacco productsAbstract
Illegal market, similar to the legal one, is a place where or a field within which the exchange, production, sale and consumption of both goods and services are conducted the only difference being that these are either forbidden or strictly regulated goods or services. Criminal organizations act in the similar way as legal subjects in the state legitimate markets – they both strive towards profit acquisition through sale of goods and services using the profit gained in order to pay people working for them. For a number of years organized crime has rendered gambling services and prostitution at the illegal markets, while during the period of the Prohibition in the USA the focus was on providing the market with forbidden alcoholic beverages. It can be said today that organized crime covers predominantly the criminal markets of drugs, weapons, sexual services, human body parts, tobacco products, and similar. Liberalization of markets all around the world, particularly at the territory of the European Union, has lead to weaker control of transport of people and goods,, as well as to the greater range of possibilities for various forms of smuggling through which the illegal markets are supplied. The paper defines the notion and the main characteristics of illegal markets, as well as their most important forms – illegal drug trafficking, human trafficking and smuggling, illegal trafficking of weapons and smuggling and illegal sale of tobacco products.
Downloads
References
Action on Smoking and Healt (2004): Marlboro Man does billion dollar deal on smuggling with Europe – ASH demands to know why UK is not included?, http://www.ash.org.uk/media-room/press-releases/marlboro-man-does-billiondollar-deal-on-smuggling-with-europe-ashdemands-to-know-why-uk-is-notincluded.
Arlacchi, P. (2001): The Dynamics of Illegal Markets, Combating Transnational Crime – Concept, Activites and Response, London – Portland, OR.
Бачановиќ, О. (2002): Жртви на трговија со луѓе, Годишник на Факултетот на безбедност, Скопје.
Van Duyne, P. (1997): Organized Crime, Corruption and Power, Crime, Law and Social Change, vol. 29, no 3.
Ghrib, A. (2002): Trafficking in Unaccompanied Minors – France, Trafficking in Unaccompanied Minors in the European Union, IOM – IHESI, Brussels – Paris.
Davis, I. et al., (2001): Organised Crime, corruption and illicit arms trafficking in an enlarged EU, London.
Данаилов, В. (2001): Трговија со лугe-криминален бизнис со робовладетелски лик, Мегународна организациа за миграции, Мисија во Скопје, Скопје.
Department of State (2007): Trafficking in Persons Report 2007, USA.
Dusch, S. (2002): Le trafic d′ êtres humains, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris.
EMCDDA, http://eldd.ecdda.eu.int/trends/ consumption
Europol (2001): Crime Assessment – Trafficking in Human Beigns into the Europeаn Union.
Zhang S., Chin L. (2000): Enter the Dragon: Inside Chinese human smuggling organizations, Criminology, Beverly Hills.
Imperial Tobacco PLC (2001), Annual Report 2001, Bristol.
Interpol (2001): Heroin World Report 2001, http://www.interpol.int/Public/Drugs/heroin.
International Labour Office (2005): A Global Alliance Against Forced Labour (2005), Global Report under the Follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work.
Interpol (2012), People Smuggling, https://www.interpol.int/Public/THB/PeopleSmuggling/Default.asp.
IOM, UN (2001): World Migration Report 2000.
IOM (2002): Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation – The case of the Russian Federation, Geneva.
IOM (2011): World Migration Report 2010 – The Future of Migration: Building Capacities for Change.
Joosens, L., Raw, M. (1998): Cigarette smuggling in Europe: who really benefits?, Tabacco Control, vol. 7, no 1.
Мијалковић С. (2005): Трговина људима, Београд.
Мијалковић С. (2009): Супротстављање трговини људима и кријумчарењу миграната, Београд, 2009.
Morison J. (2001): How anti-trafficking initiatives criminalise refugees, London, CARE March 29.
Naylor R. T. (2001): The Rise of the Modern Arms Black Market and the Fall of Supply-Side Control, Combating Transnational Crime - Concept, Activites and Response, London – Portland, OR
National Criminal Intelligence Service (2003): UK Threat Assesment – the treat from serious and organised crime 2003, London.
Николић Д. (2004): Трговина људима као тешки облик криминалитета, Тешки облици криминала, Београд.
OSCE (2000): Document on Small Arms and Light Weapons, Plenary Meeting of the OSCE Forum for Security Co-operation on 24 November 2000.
Paoli, L., Fijnaut, C. (2006): Organised Crime and Its Control Policies, European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, vol. 14, no 3.
Small Arms Survey (2003): Insights and Mysteries: Global Small Arms Transfers, Small Arms Survey 2003, Geneva, http:/www.smallarmssurvey.org/Yearbook2003/yb2003_presskit_ch3.pdf.
Transcrime (2004): Trafficking in persons and smaggling of migrants into Italy, Trento.
UNODC (2011): World Drug Report 2011, Vienna.
UNODC (2007): World Drug Report 2007, Vienna.
UNODC (2004): Global Drug Trends 2004, New York.
UNODC (2000): World Drug Report 2000, London.
Hamburgisches WeltWirtschaft Insitut (2008): Stock estimates for the EU, http://irregular-migration.hwwi.net/Stock_estimates.6170.0.html.
Council of Europe (2004): Organized crime situation report 2004 – focus on the threat of cybercrime, Strasbourg.
Council of Europe: Organised Crime - The need to respond, http://www.coe.int/T/E/Com/Files/Themes/Organised-crime/default.asp.
Yen, H.: Number of illegal immigrants in US steady at 11.2M, http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2014097534_apusillegalimmigration.html.
